English Language Requirements for International Students

English Language Requirements for International Students Academic English Requirements: University-Level Preparation Programs  for International Students Introduction The issue of English language standards and the academic preparation programs of international students who must meet them has become an increasingly complex and controversial topic in education today. This paper will explore this issue in depth, focusing on the specific needs of foreign students at University level. It will do this by exploring the current literature and theories that dominate the field, including Computer-Assisted Language Learning, or CALL. Then it will discuss issues pertinent to planning and developing an effective language preparation program to address those needs Current literature and theories A number of theories are currently competing to dominate the field today. Among these are several entry level issues. Most professionals agree that some sort of preparatory training is absolutely necessary for first year University students of non-English speaking background (NESB). However, the agreement stops there, as they seem unable to decide on which of these programs is best. One of these programs is focused primarily on teaching students only those English language concepts that are essential for them to be successful in attaining their academic degrees. Called English for Academic Purposes (EAP), this plan, as the name suggests, zeroes in on those skills that best ensure academic success. Academic success here is defined solely by completion of a degree. This raises issues of its true long-term worth as a sustainable skill (Pathways 2004, 2). Other plans include English for Specific Purposes (ESP), which focuses on teaching students those aspects of English that will be most relevant their specialised professional projects. Alternate pathways to University level education are another option; this approach focuses on integrating relevant skills learned outside the academic setting in such a way that the student is given academic credit for them. A methodology similar to this is described by Sandra Elbaum in Grammar in Context: Learning a language through meaningful themes and practicing it in a contextualized setting promote both linguistic and cognitive development (Elbaum 2005, xv). The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol Model, also called the SIOP Model, focuses on what the authors refer to as sheltered instruction. It is an approach that can extend the time students have for getting language support services while giving them a jump-start on the content subjects they will need for graduation (Echevarria et al. 2004, 10). Computer-Assisted Language Learning Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) was first used to assist in foreign language teaching in the 1960s. This was only at University level; it has since grown to include earlier grade levels as well. It has made drastic strides in development since its introduction (Warschauer Healey 1998, 58). CALL is described by Warschauer as having three primary functions: behaviouristic, communicative, and integrative. The first of these, the Behaviouristic, is the simplest model. In this mode, the computer functions primarily as a means of providing the learner with the appropriate educational materials. Essentially, this means that the computer functions in a tutorial capacity. The second mode is called the Communicative mode. It is much more interactive and allows the learner a greater degree of choice and control in the methodology and level of study. Some examples of this mode include word processing functions, spelling and grammar checkers, and stimulating games such as Sim City (Davies 2005, par. 3; Warschauer Healey 1998, 67). The Integrative phase, the final and most recent, is also the most complicated and the most rewarding of the three. It offers a far greater degree of sophistication. It does this by combining both multimedia and internet technologies to offer a wide range of control to learners and teachers. Communication can be synchronous or asynchronous, eliminating scheduling conflicts as well as time zone differences. This also helps students to pace themselves according to their own learning needs. Finally, geographic distance ceases to be a barrier, allowing individuals to expand their social horizons as they exchange ideas with other members of the global community (Davies 2005). Thus, the Integrative aspect of CALL offers such a wide range of options and challenges for second-language learners. However, the Integrative phase does invite criticism, particularly regarding foreign-language acquisition. For example, it can be said that language is basically a social activity. As such, the concept of truly learning one without face-to-face contact may seem prohibitive to some. It can also be argued that Integrative communication tends to isolate rather than draw people together, making the concept of global community seem more unattainable than ever. Proposal for Course Layout In order to plan an effective preparatory course for international students at this level of study, facilitators must be aware of the variety of material available for improving students language skill, not just one or two texts. The variety and options offered by University-level textbooks and accompanying tools seem endless. Although the standard grammar-based traditional approach still forms the core of many methodologies, few programs base their programs on a single methodology. Dana Ferris stresses the need to develop a comprehensive error-treatment plan that directly addresses key issues regarding linguistic ability in composition and writing (Ferris 2002, 105). According to Ferris, teachers need to realize that differences in students levels of L2 proficiency will affect both the number and type of errors that they make as well as their ability to process particular types of feedback (Ferris 2002, 56). It is also vitally important to know the needs of the students in the class. This is a point that cannot be stressed enough: to effectively plan the class, instructors need to know the basic makeup of individual classes rather than design a curriculum that is based on theoretical conjecture. Use of multimedia and similar resources can greatly facilitate this process. Another aspect to consider in designing a course is that fact that approaches to studying are different in different countries. For example, in the UK and most other English-speaking countries, students are expected to be very independent. International students should be made aware of the different levels of expectation, as well as strategies for learning to adjust and thrive in this environment. This theory is a key part of the theory of Lowes et al. in their guide for international students. Lowes and his partners are lecturers who have had several years experience teaching students at University in the UK. They include specific, real-life examples of the experiences they have had with students from different cultures and countries to demonstrate the relevance of their point. Conclusion It is clear that the issue of academic preparation programs for international students is complex and controversial. The trend today seems to be leaning heavily towards computer-assisted methodologies, which offer flexibility, convenience, and control for both students and instructors. There also seems to be an increasing awareness that general English-language courses need to be tailored to fit the specific needs of the students who take them, thus enabling them to concentrate on their primary courses of study. By designing a preparatory course that considers the actual levels and the specific needs of international students, the lessons will address relevant issues—issues that will enable students to focus on their primary programme of study to successfully complete their degrees. Reference List Ascher, A.. 2004. Think About Editing: An ESL Guide for The Harbrace Handbooks. Boston, MA: Thomson. Davies, G. 2005. Computer Assisted Language Learning: Where are we now and where are we going? Accessed September 5, 2005. URL: http://www.nestafuturelab.org/viewpoint/learn23.htm. Echevarria, J., Vogt, M., and Short, D. 2004. Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP Model. 2nd ed. London: Pearson Education. Ediger, A. and Pavlik, C. 1999. Reading Connections: Skills and Strategies for Purposeful Reading. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Elbaum, S. 2005. Grammar in Context. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Thomson Heinle. Ferris, D. 2002. Treatment of Error in Second Language Student Writing. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Lowes, R., Peters, H., and Turner, M. 2004. The International Students Guide: Studying English at University. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Pathways to University Level Education. 2004. Survey sponsored by Tertiary Sector Special Interest Group (TESOLANZ). Collated by Tricia Hewlett. Accessed September 5, 2005. URL: http://www.tesolanz.org.nz/Pathways Survey.doc Warschauer, M., Healey, D. 1998. Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31, 57–71.

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Essay -- Papers Weed Drugs Legalization

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Every 54 seconds, someone in the country is arrested for smoking marijuana. While some see this as a sign of the epidemic proportions of marijuana use in this country and as support for a continued crackdown; others argue that pot arrests are a waste of time and money, and a sign that it’s -- forgive the pun -- high time to legalize marijuana. What do you think: should lighting up a joint, join, beer drinking and puffing tobacco as an inalienable American rights? Supporters of legalized marijuana argue that it should be legalized to protect the greater social good, to prevent government hypocrisy towards recreational drug use, and to protect individual rights of choice. By defining all marijuana use as criminal, they argue, we are clogging courts and already-overburdened prisons, wasting police resources, and needlessly destroying the lives and jobs of otherwise model citizens. By legalizing marijuana, we would not only avoid these problems, we would also be drying up the money that goes to organized crime and drug smugglers through the marijuana market. The government would be able to regulate marijuana, preventing more dangerous substances from being combined with it. The economic benefits of legalization of marijuana would also be substantial. Not only would the government receive revenue from marijuana taxation, farmers would also be able to grow hemp, which was an important source of fiber for rope, cloth, and paper in the United States until sixty years ago. Marijuana, AKA: pot, dope, grass, weed, Mary Jane, reefer, ganja, kaya, and doobie, an illegal drug, is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It can be eaten in c... ...ects timing, movements, and coordination. Also, according to a study conducted by Reitbrock and Harder, using pot can affect thinking and judgment, which can mean users may do things they wouldn’t do with a clear head. This can mean unsafe sex or other risky behaviors. We can debate this issue all day long. I don’t feel America is ready to legalize marijuana at this time. Give it some time and some extensive comprehensive studies, and then, maybe, just maybe there could be a place in the medical field for this herb, if it is administrated in a controlled environment. Resources American Council for Drug Education 164 West 74th Street New York, NY 10023 National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) 12 West 21st Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10010 National Institute on Drug Abuse 6001 Executive Blvd Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9561.

Deep Sea Fishing

â€Å"If deep-sea fishing is the most dangerous of all civilian occupations, it is especially so during winter months or during storms at any time of year. † Yet, â€Å"risk taking is something they are paid to accept† (Cockerham, 131). [Epigram] As depicted by Sebastian Junger’s nonfiction account, The Perfect Storm, deep-sea fishing requires a level of determination that can override scientific data and superstitious judgment, in the interest of getting money. He tells the story of the Andrea Gail, which sets out for its fatal last voyage. In October 1991, the crewmembers say their last goodbyes and leave their loved ones behind.It’s late in the season, to go so far out at sea. Also, a number of people had been having strange feelings about the trip and are struggling to push them aside. Since the very beginning in the book, there have been many premonitions presented. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a premonition is â€Å"a strong feeling t hat something is about to happen, especially something unpleasant† (â€Å"Premonition†). â€Å"Premonitions are often about something that is a threat to our survival tells us the purpose they serve: they are overwhelmingly about survival† (USA, Under Attack).Some fishermen hired to work the Andrea Gail are willing to take this risk regardless of the premonitions they have. Others decide not to go. While the Andrea Gail is out fishing, events unfold that lead to the sinking of the boat. The last voyage of the Andrea Gail proves the tension that must be faced between scientific data and superstitions the crewmembers had and the need for money. Based on extensive interviews, Junger describes the determination shown by deep-sea fishermen.

An Interface Between Financial Accounting and Cost ...

Introduction: The basic objective of accounting is to provide information that is useful in making business and economic decisions. What makes accounting information useful for decision-making? The answer is however the accounting information confirms to the qualities that should be possessed by the financial and cost Managerial reporting. In view and addition to this, the importance of strategic cost management and costing techniques like Activity based costing should not be underestimated. This implies that organization should be installing appropriate framework of strategic cost management to reduce its costs in key areas on which the success of organization is heavily dependent. Objective of the study: The Project is presented with†¦show more content†¦It is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day to day running of the company. In a Nutshell, it is primarily for external purposes. âÅ"“ Cost management accounting serves the following purposes: The purpose of Cost Management accounting is to enable management to get as for as possible the exact cost of goods manufactured or services rendered, to furnish necessary facts and figures for adequate and effective managerial control and to provide management data necessary to determine output and products that will result in most profitable operations. The purpose of cost accounting is to assess the profitability of a product or services, a department or the organization. In a Nutshell, it is primarily for internal purposes. 3. Stock Valuation Principles: In financial accounting, stock or inventory is valued at cost or net realizable value (NRV) whichever is lower while in Cost accounting, inventory is valued at Cost. 4. Regulation: Financial Accountants follow GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) set by professional bodies in each country, accounting concepts (as laid down by the Accounting Standards Board) plus statutory requirements of the Companies Acts. While in Cost management accounting it is tailored to suit the needs of the users or may follow CAS. and Standardization: Accounting standards of financial accounting is issued by the Institute of chartered accountants of IndiaShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management Accounting13457 Words   |  54 Pagesof this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0951-3574.htm AAAJ 21,2 Strategic management accounting: how far have we come in 25 years? Kim Langï ¬ eld-Smith Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the origins of strategic management accounting and to assess the extent of adoption and â€Å"success† of strategic management accounting (SMA). Design/methodology/approach – Empirical papers which have directly researchedRead MoreActivity Based Management (ABM)2850 Words   |  12 Pages1.0 Introduction Activity based management (ABM) is a method of identifying and evaluating activities that a business performs using activity based costing (ABC) to carry out a value chain analysis or a re-engineering initiative to improve strategic and operational decisions in an organization. ABM can be divided into operational and strategic. Operational ABM is about â€Å"doing thing right†, using ABC information to improve efficiency. 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It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning6287 Words   |  26 PagesComputer Standards Interfaces 24 (2002) 337 – 346 www.elsevier.com/locate/csi A synergic analysis for Web-based enterprise resources planning systems David C. Yen a,1, David C. Chou b,*, Jane Chang a,1 b a Department of Decision Sciences and MIS, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA Department of Computer Information Systems, Eastern Michigan University, 412 Owen Building, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA Received 8 October 2001; received in revised form 3 December 2001; accepted 12 DecemberRead MoreSignature Assignment3262 Words   |  14 Pagesdemonstrates how financial managements usage of IT services reduced cost and control cash flow in the organization. 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During the annual strategic planning meeting of the management committee, held recently in Calgary, all of the committee members were pleased to see thatRead MoreNature of Financial Management4832 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 3 - NATURE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT What is finance Finance can be defined as he art and science of managing money. Virtually all individuals and organizations earn or raise money and spend or invest money. Finance is concerned with the process, institutions, markets and instruments involved in the transfer of money among individuals, business and governments. Nature of Financial Management Financial Management as an academic discipline has undergone fundamental changes as regard

Ski Shop Business Plan - 6186 Words

Business and Marketing Plan: Pamp;R Ski and Snowboard Shop Zurich, Switzerland Table of Contents: Executive Summary Objectives Mission Company Summary Company Ownership Start-up Summary Products Market Analysis Summary Market Segmentation Target Market Segment Strategy Competition and Buying Patterns Strategy and Implementation Summary Competitive Edge Sales Strategy Sales Forecast Management Summary Personnel Plan Financial Plan SWOT Analysis Executive Summary Pamp;R Ski and Snowboard Shop will stock a range of ski clothing, footwear and equipment. Pamp;R Ski and Snowboard Shop sells a range of items related to skiing and snowboarding; we will also sell items suitable for†¦show more content†¦Company Summary Pamp;R Ski and Snowboard Shop intends to provide customers with the quality products they need to maximize their enjoyment and accomplish their goals. We will provide our customers with a knowledgeable staff that enjoys working in this atmosphere and helping others. We fully expect to grow quickly. Many businesses start under the same assumption but due to work ethic, desire, and job enjoyment, Pamp;R Ski and Snowboard Shop is expecting to make a profit in the early stages of its life. Sales are forecasted to be conservative in the first month but are expected to increase by 2% each month thereafter, with a first year growth rate of 12%. This assumption appears to be accurate given the fact that the outdoor equipment wholesale industry is growing at an 11.5% annual rate. Start-up Summary The two main costs involved in starting up a ski shop will be premises and stock. A significant amount of floor space will be needed to display equipment and a large storage area, making a central location very expensive. Space will be particularly important and a shop stocking specialist equipment may find it easier to be located away from the town centre, as customers will be more willing to travel to seek out precisely what they require. 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Zara Five Forces Analysis - 5583 Words

The role of market orientation on company performance through the development of sustainable competitive advantage: the Inditex-Zara case Andres Mazaira  University of Vigo, Oureuse, Spain E. Gonzalez  University of Vigo, Oureuse, Spain Ruth Avendano Ä University of Vigo, Oureuse, Spain Keywords Market orientation, Competitive advantage, Clothing industry, Organizational culture Abstract This paper has been developed as a part of research seeking to verify the effects of organisational culture in general, and market orientation in particular, on the behaviour and results of managerial organisations. The difference with other existing work on the same subject is that this work uses the case method to bring managerial reality into†¦show more content†¦Turnover in the year 2000 was slightly over 435,000 million pesetas. Profits were over 43,000 million pesetas. Tables II and III show information on each of the chains. The world fashion market has changed considerably over the past few decades. Fashion products, which used to be an elite consumption product, are now a mass consumption market  ± embodying what has been called ``the democratisation process of fashion . Fashion products are now bought by all segments of society, helped by lower average prices, which have brought about a The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0263-4503.htm [ 220 ] Andre Mazaira, E. Gonza Âs Âlez and Ruth Avendano Ä The role of market orientation on company performance through the development of sustainable competitive advantage: the Inditex-Zara case Marketing Intelligence Planning 21/4 [2003] 220-229 broadening of the target by including a growing number of consumers in the market. Consumer tastes over the past few years have been veering away towards extremes. Stores offering latest fashions and stores offering lower priced clothing have taken market share from general fashion outlets, such as department stores, which were the main players up to the mid-1990s. Today s clothing and accessories industry is highly competitive, and increasedShow MoreRelatedZara E-Business672 Words   |  3 PagesExecutive Summary E-business Background Zara, part of Spanish giant Inditex Group, provides clothing products to customers demanding fast fashion that looks like high fashion at lower prices. It has been considered as the most remarkable fast fashion company of the 21st century. In order to understand and analyze the dynamics of the sector and the current state of Zara, Porter’s Five Forces and SWOT analysis will be used. E-Marketing The key elements of Zara’s e-marketing strategy include socialRead MorePorters Analysis of Zara Essay1934 Words   |  8 PagesProvide an analysis of an organisation explaining the relative importance of each of Porter’s Five Forces for the organisation’s strategic position. You should support your arguments with evidence from the company and/or the relevant literature. Zara has been the major pioneer of ‘disposable’ fashion; which makes up over 12% of the UK clothing industry. Zara outperforms its rivals in profitability, brand identity, and its successful business model. I have used Porter’s five forces model (PorterRead MoreHow The Porter s Five Forces And The Segmentation, Targeting And Positioning1538 Words   |  7 Pagesencourage customer loyalty. Countries like Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, in particular, have experienced strong growth, attracting new entrants in the fashion and clothing sector (Hawkes, 2013). In this backdrop, this analysis will describe how the Porter’s Five Forces and the Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (STP) models can be applied to fashion marketing, using Primark Stores as an example. Headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, clothing retailer Primark Stores Ltd manufactures fashionableRead MoreCase Study: HM in Fast Fashion: Continued Success. Essay3141 Words   |  13 PagesTitle: Case Study: HM in Fast Fashion: Continued Success. Word count:2638 Abstract This report contains the analysis of value and culture of reputable apparel retailer HM, as well as three analysis method, which is PETEL, Porter’s five forces, and VRIO framework, to analyse the external influence factors, competitors, and competitive advantages of HM. 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The Munch An Integrated Business Plan

Question: Discuss about The Report for Munch of An Integrated Business Plan. Answer: Business idea statement Proposed business idea is a Walky Stick for the Blind People. Problem: One of the major problems among the American is that the older people have to stay alone. They do not get proper attention from their children. In case of physically challenged people, a lone stay is risky (Barton, 2016). The security reason of the elderly people is the main problem or concern faced by the people. Solution: The solution to this problem is the introduction of a new product, The Walky Stick. It shall have the facilities of a GPS system in the stick, by which the location of the elderly people can be easily tracked. Apart from this, there will be a button directly connected to the mobile phone. If the person just presses the button, an emergency number can be connected within a few seconds. Explanation: This is a fruitful business idea because concerns related to the security of elder people have been increasing among the people and they are looking for better ways for their safety. The usefulness of the particular product shall attract people who are concerned about their parents or grandparents. Therefore, this business idea has a high chance of gaining better results. The Business Model Canvas Business Partners The proposed business shall be conducted solely and there is no requirement of any business partner. Key Activities The main purpose of the product is to provide opportunity to the people who are concern about their parents and grandparents or any other members who are physically challenged. The product shall be equipped with a Bluetooth that will be directly connected to the personal mobile phones of the users. With just one click, an emergency call can be made and a person can be contacted easily. The product shall be available in both retail stores and online. Value Proposition The targeted customers can be attracted by the means of offering them good packages and discounts (Blank, 2013). An offer that shall give discount if two persons makes advanced booking of the product. Good marketing and promotion has to be conducted. The prospected customers are to be made aware about the usefulness of such equipment. If employee value proposition is to be considered, the employees can be given incentives apart from their fixed salary to boost their energy to work towards the workplace. Customer Relationship To maintain a better customer relationship it is advisable to maintain a personal customer relationship. It is important to listen to the queries of the customers and remain at help whenever required. There shall be a customer servicing outlet at major locations where the buyers can easily come up with their queries if they had one (Ghezzi et al. 2015). The product manufacturing company shall undertake certain activities related to social responsibilities that might create a better image of the business among the local people. Customer Segment The targeted customers are the people suffering from any kind of defect in their eyes. It has to be understood that the customers could be both the one who shall use the product themselves and others who shall purchase the Walky Stick for their relatives or family members. The main targeted customers are the ones between the age group of 16 and 45 years or above. Teenagers who are high school goers or college goers fall under the target customers because they might think of gifting the product ton their grandparents. The price of the product shall not be very high and therefore, people belonging to mid-waged salary are also the targeted group of people. Key Resources Major resources required are place for the set up of the factory of manufacturing the product. Capital resources are also required to set up the complete business. Investment has to be made on marketing and promotional strategies as well (Kiznyte, Welker Dechange, 2016). Channels Different channels of communications that can be used to reach the consumers are by personal means. People can be informed by sending emails or by personally contacting them. Social media sites like Facebook and Twitter can be used rigorously for reaching the targeted people (Ghezzi et al. 2015). Traditional media such as Television commercials can also be a tool of promotion for the product. Other channels might include distribution of pamphlets or handouts to the people to make them aware about the new health centre. Cost Structure Cash Received Cash from Operations Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Cash Sales 1,231,000 3,235,000 12,752,000 Cash from Deliverables - - - Cash from Operations (Total) 1,231,000 3,235,000 12,752,000 Cash Received (Additional) New Borrowing 1,000,000 - - Other Liabilities (interest-free) - - - Long-term liabilities - - - Sale of Current Assets - - - Sale of Long-term Assets - - - Investment Received (New) - - - Cash Received (Total) 2,231,000 3,235,000 12,752,000 Expenditures Expenditure from Operations Staffing 291,000 842,000 921,000 Consulting Services 86,000 840,000 840,000 Promotional activities 7,000 7,500 7,700 Total 384,000 1,689,500 1,768,700 Cash Spent (Additional) Taxation 32,520 358,250 1,250,500 Long-term Liabilities - - - Purchase of other Current Assets - - - Dividends - - - Purchase of Long-term Assets 820,000 820,000 1,249,000 Total 1,236,520 2,867,750 4,268,200 Cash Flow 994,480 367,250 8,483,800 Cost Structure Source: Created by the author Revenue Scheme Profit and Loss Projections or Forecast Revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Memberships 1,225,000 4,900,000 14,700,000 Sale of equipments 34,000 41,000 Total Revenue 1,225,000 4,934,000 14,741,000 Operating Expenses Developmental Expenses 343,000 Staffing 280,000 820,000 930,000 Capital Expenditure 140,000 145,000 160,000 Consultancy Services 84,000 421,000 421,000 Promotional Activities 5,200 6,000 6,000 Operating Expenses (Total) 852,200 1,392,000 1,517,000 PBT 322,900 3,382,800 13,024,000 Taxes @ 10 % 32,290 338,280 1,302,400 Net Profit 290,610 3,044,520 11,721,600 Fig 2: P/L Statement Source: Created by the author Start-Up details Start-Up Expenses Amount (USD) Capital Source Investment requirement 1,000,000 Investment (Total) 1,000,000 Start-Up Expenses Developmental Expenses 343,000 Staffing 291,000 Capital Expenditure 140,000 Consulting Services 86,000 Promotional activities 7,000 Total 867,000 Fig 3: Start-up estimation Source: Created by the author The above discussion puts forth the entire financial structure of the intended firm. The management is willing to invest USD 1,000,000 initially. The overall start-up expenditure amounts to USD 867,000. The Net Profit for the first year is estimated at USD 290,610. Slowly with time the firm should amass USD 3,044,520 and USD 11,721,600 in subsequent years. The firm is expected to gain USD 1,225,000, 4,934,000 and 14,741,000 in the following years since inception. References: Barton, A. (2016). The Munch: An Integrated Business Plan. Blank, S. (2013). Why the lean start-up changes everything.Harvard business review,91(5), 63-72. Ghezzi, A., Cavallaro, A., Rangone, A., Balocco, R. (2015). A Comparative Study on the Impact of Business Model Design Lean Startup Approach versus Traditional Business Plan on Mobile Startups Performance. InICEIS (3)(pp. 196-203). Kiznyte, J., Welker, M., Dechange, A. (2016). Applying Project Management Methods to the Creation of a Start-up Business Plan: The Case of Blendlee.