Aviation Regulatory Framework Comparison UK Vs USA Engineering Essay

melodic phrase Regulatory Framework Comparison UK Vs USA Engineering EssayThis report looks at the gentle wind regulative framework in both the coupled Kingdom and the United States, their differences and correspondingities. Due to the high level of cooperation between the FAA and the CAA and in addition EASA intimately legislation is genuinely similar if not the alike. By looking at the structure and functions of the restrictive bodies in terms of asylum and security it is obvious that because the two countries be coaching for the same high level of preventive that they should be taking the same steps in order to do this. The main difference between the legislation of well-mannered aerate travel between the two countries is the f exercise that the FAA is the polity making body for the US alone whereas the UK has regulation passed to it from EASA which the CAA has to implement all over and above any regulations the CAA or the British government may necessitate had in place previously. The US has a establishment where the FAA liter aloney regulates every single aspect of gracious zephyr and although they freely communicate their findings and recommendations with alien countries the FAA alone control us Regulatory framework reporting only to the Department of Transport.IntroductionIn this report the gentle wind regulatory framework of the United Kingdom will be comp ard and contrasted with the air regulatory framework of the United States. The report will describe the structure and functions of the bodies trustworthy for tune regulation in both countries while addressing the responsibilities of airports, airlines and aircraft manufacturers within the respective frameworks. The issue of UK regulation being underpinned by EU legislation will also be discussed and anomalies between the UK and US framework will be identified.ReportIn the UK the secretary of state for transport is the government minister prudent for civic aviation. Thi s position is currently held by the Rt Hon Lord Andrew Adonis who oversees the Department for Transport (DfT) which is involved in a tote up of subject fields in genteel aviation although the regulation and supervision of civil aviation is the function of the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Aviation Regulation in the United Kingdom is statute law created by acts of parliament most of which is covered by the Civil Aviation Act 1982 which lays down the roles of the main authorities for the control and regulation of civil aviation in the UK, mostly covered by the secretary of state for transport, the department for transport and mainly the CAA. The Civil Aviation Act 1982 aims to deal with issues of roles, functions, duties and policies still does not act alone as other(a) legislation affects civil aviation regulation. For example external conventions such as the Warsaw Convention and the Airport Act 1986 which provides of most of the regulation for UK airports (Blackshaw, 1992, p. 30). Civil aviation in the UK is also influenced heavily by EASA who will be discussed in detail later.The CAA is the National Aviation Authority (NAA) for the UK and amongst other things deals with most of the key functions of the regulation of civil aviation.The DfT as a government department deals with bilateral agreements and is directly involved in certain safety issues particularly the investigation of aircraft accidents through the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB). The DfT also has an important role in environmental issues within civil aviation, namely noise and aviation pollution from aircraft emissions and other areas. The DfT is also involved in national airport development and the management of aircraft security (Blackshaw, 1992, p. 31) (DfT)Civil aviation in the UK is regulated by the CAA which is an independent body with responsibility for economic, safety and consumer protection regulation, and airspace policy (DfT) The CAA provides advice to the governmen t on aviation issues, represents consumer interests and strikes investigate to provide statistical data. The CAA regulates all in all aspects of aviation in the UK. In some areas the CAA is the primary regulator although in areas where responsibility for regulation lies with the European Aviation sanctuary Agency (EASA) The CAA merely implements the Europe all-embracing regulations put forward by EASA.The CAA is structured in four main groups, the Safety Regulation radical, Economic Regulation Group, Directorate of Airspace Policy and the Consumer surety Group (DfT). The Safety Regulation Group (SRG) work closely with EASA to improve aviation safety in the UK and across Europe by narrowting civil aviation standards and ensuring that they are achieved (Transport Research Knowledge Centre, 2009). The SRG looks at the proper spirit, manufacture, operation and maintenance of aircraft in that flight crews and aircraft maintenance engineers are competent and that licenced aerodrom es are safe to use. The SRG also ensure that air traffic operate and general aviation activities meet the required safety standards (DfT). EASA provides regulation for the CAA to implement in the palm of aircraft and product certification and has responsibility for the rules related to the design and maintenance of aircraft products and parts and setting standards for organisations involving design, production and maintenance of these products and parts. EASA has also expanded into the CAAs rulemaking role by implementing rules for aircraft operations and flight crew licencing and aims to introduce essential requirements to cover air traffic management and aerodrome activities with air traffic management involving Eurocontrol which is The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. (CAA)Nonetheless the CAA is still the UKs NAA and the CAA SRG maintains its responsibility for all aspects not being adopted by EASA and is expected to monitor the safety of UK civil aviatio n against EASAs move European rules and standards whilst ensuring the UKs good safety performance is sustained. The CAA SRG is tasked by with regulatory oversight of production, maintenance and continuing airworthiness management organisations whether approved to UK or EASA standards. (CAA)The CAA Economic Regulation Group (ERG) looks at UK civil aviation from an economic viewpoint. The ERG regulates airports, air traffic services and airlines and provides advice on aviation policy from an economic standpoint (CAA).The ERG aims to secure the best sustainable outcome for users of air transport services by promoting liberalisation by removing government restrictions to entry to the airline market and to aid the optimal supply and regulation of aviation infrastructure (CAA). The ERG acts as an adviser to the government and produces statistical entropy on airlines and airportsThe CAA Directorate of Airspace Policy (DAP) is required by the government to thrust the most efficient use of airspace consistent with the safe operation of aircraft and the expeditious flow of air traffic whilst taking into consideration the requirements of operations and owners of all classes of aircraft (CAA). The Directorate of Airspace Policy approves and establishes controlled airspace and monitors and enforces standards, rules and regulations. The DAP is required to allocate radio frequencies and secondary radar codes for the use of air traffic control and provides meteorological services to UK civil aviation. (CAA, 2004)The CAA Consumer Protection Group (CPG) has four main responsibilities firstly the CPG regulates the finances and fitness of travel organisers selling flights and package holidays in the UK. The CPG also manage the UKs largest system of consumer protection for travellers in the form of Air Travel Organisers Licensing (ATOL). The CPG license UK airlines and enforce European Council requirements in relation to their finances, nationality, and liability of passengers for death or injury and insurance. last the CPG enforce certain other legal requirements and codes of practice for protection of airlines customers.The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has untold bearing on the aviation regulatory framework of the United Kingdom. EASA aims to develop European framework for the regulation of aviation safety using themselves and the NAAs of the community member states. EASA focuses on a European regulatory system which is focused on seeing that aircraft are properly designed, manufactured, operated and maintained and that airlines operate safely, that flight crews, air traffic controllers and aircraft maintenance engineers are suitably hot that licensed aerodromes are safe to use and that air traffic control services and general aviation activities meet the required safety standards. (CAA)EASA provides a park initiative at European level to keep air transport safe and sustainable by developing common safety and environmental rules at Europe an level. The agency works with the member states NAA to implement standards and provides the necessary technical expertise, planning and research (EASA). EASA looks towards a single European aviation market and a single European sky and carries out executive responsibilities in the certification of specific models of aircraft, engines or parts approved for operation in the European gist (EU).The main tasks of EASA are to draft aviation safety legislation and provide technical advice to the European Commission and the Member States as well as Inspections, training and standardisation programmes to ensure uniform implementation of European aviation safety legislation in all member States by conducting inspections of national authorities as well as operations throughout the EU to monitor the application of EU rules on aviation safety and to assess the effectiveness of these rules. EASA also handles the safety and environmental type-certification of aircraft, engines and parts and ap proves aircraft design, production and maintenance organisations worldwide. The agency also handles the authorization of non EU operators and uses a Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) to judge the safety of foreign aircraft using EU Community airports. EASA also uses data collection, analysis and research to improve aviation safety and will soon be responsible for safety regulations regarding airports and air traffic management systems, a responsibility handed to EASA as part of the Single European Sky initiative (EASA).EASA works with the NAAs of the EU members but has taken over some(prenominal) of their functions with the aim of promoting aviation standardisation which will eventually culminate in a Single European Sky, a much safer alternative to the system we encounter today. EASA assists the European Commission in negotiating international harmonization agreements with the rest of the world on behalf of its member states which includes working closely with its coun terparts around the world such as the federal official Aviation Administration (FAA). (COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 2008) (EASA, 2007)The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is an agency of the United States (US) Department of Transportation (DoT) it is responsible for the safety of American civil aviation and regulates and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the US. The FAA aims to regulate civil aviation to promote safety, encourage and develop civil aeronautics including new aviation technology, develop and operate a system of air traffic control and gliding for both civil and military aircraft and research and develop the National Airspace System including regulating air navigation facilities and flight inspection standards. The FAA develop and carry out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation and also regulates U.S. commercial space transportation. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005).The FAA carries out many activities in order to fulfil these aims, for safety regulation the FAA issues and enforces regulations and minimum standards covering the manufacture, operation and maintenance of aircraft. The FAA also certifies airmen and airports that serve air carriers. The safe and efficient use of navigable airspace is one of the FAAs primary objectives. A network of airport towers, air route traffic control centres and flight service stations are all run by the FAA who develop all of the air traffic rules, assign the use of airspace and control all air traffic. The Federal Aviation Authority also builds, installs, maintains and operates all air navigation facilities and sustains systems to financial support air traffic control and air navigation. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005)To promote aviation safety and encourage civil aviation abroad, the FAA exchange aeronautical information with foreign authorities, certify foreign aircraft maintenance organisations, engineers and airmen. Tec hnical aid and training is also provided by the FAA to other countries.The FAA negotiates bilateral airworthiness agreements with other countries and takes part in international conferences. In terms of research, engineering and development, it researches and develops the systems and procedures required for a safe and efficient system of air navigation and control. The FAA actively helps develop better aircraft engines and equipment and test or evaluate aviation systems, devices, materials and procedures. The FAA administers aviation insurance and develops specifications for aeronautical charts and publishes information on airways, airport services and other technical subject in aeronautics (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005).The Aviation Safety (AVS) department of the FAA is subdivided into three parts, firstly Flight Standards (AFS) which includes aircraft maintenance, safety team program, civil aviation registry, Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), regulatory support and general aviation. The second subdivision of AVS is Aerospace Medicine (AAM) which is responsible for managing all flight doctors and medical certificate deviations. The final subdivision of AVS is Aircraft Certification (AIR) which covers airworthiness certification, the small airplane directorate and the Manufacturing Inspection District Office (MIDO). (Randy Hansen, 2007)It is clear that in the UK aviation regulation is formulated with great input from the European community in the form of EASA and many powers have therefore been transferred to EASA from the CAA whereas in the US the FAA is the only regulatory power for all aspects of aviation from running air traffic control towers, a indebtedness that the CAA has licenced to NATS, to negotiating bilateral airworthiness agreements and administering aviation insurance. The FAA is the NAA for the US and holds all responsibility for aviation safety and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the US.The responsibilities of airpo rts, airlines and aircraft manufacturers are very similar both in the UK and the US. This is not surprising as ideas on best practise are shared between the two countries extensively, especially in the dramaturgy of aviation safety. One example of this is in the naming of aviation regulations, In the UK we have JARs which are correlative Aviation Requirements whereas in the US they have FARs Federal Aviation Regulations. JARs were introduced as a result of UK and EU collaboration in the production of joint ventures such as Concorde and Airbus, JARs set out common airworthiness requirements that have been agreed upon by all of the cooperating nations. JARs have now been superseded by EASA Parts under the basic regulation, for example JAR 21 has been superseded by EASA part 21. The Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) is an associated body of European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) representing the civil aviation regulation authorities of a number of EU states cooperating in developing and implementing common safety regulatory standards and procedures intended on providing high and consistent standards of safety and a level playing field for competition in Europe. Much emphasis is also placed on harmonising the JARs with the FARs in the US (Fisher, 2009).In the UK aircraft manufacturers are regulated under EASA Part 21 Acceptable instrument of Compliance (AMC) and Certification Procedures for Aircraft and related products and parts. Similarly in the US aircraft manufacturers are regulated under FAR 21 certification procedures for products and parts. Aircraft Manufacturers are monitored throughout the design and manufacture process of aircraft and parts by the CAA FAA to ensure they conform to with regulations. At the end of this process the aircraft type is certificated for appropriate use. It is up to the aircraft manufacturer to conserve the internationally recognised standard for airworthiness to gain a Certificate of Airworthiness which is issued in accor dance with the ICAO Chicago Convention. Aircraft manufacturers both in the UK and US are responsible for producing aircraft which are safe and fit for purpose. This is tested in four categories Structural integrity, systems integrity, operational integrity and crashworthiness. (EASA, 2008)EASA Part 21 lays down common technical requirements and administrative procedures for airworthiness and environmental certification of products and parts specifying The issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates the issue of certificates of airworthiness the issue of repair design approvals the showing of compliance with environmental protection requirements the issue of noise certificates the realization and certification of products and parts the certification of design and production organisations and the issue of airworthiness directives. (EASA, 2008)In order to fly commercial services for example carrying passenger or encumbrance for payment, UK airlines must gain an oper ating licence from the CAA (CAA). Similarly in the US airlines must undergo air carrier certification. Under part 121 airlines must comply with regulations and safety standards and manage hazard related risks in the operating environment (FAA, 2009). To qualify for a CAA Operating Licence an airline has to meet a number of requirements in respect of its safety, insurance and financial status. Once a CAA operating Licence is gained by an airline it is free to operate within the EU. To gain air carrier certification US airlines must follow a very similar system which is set out to determine whether an airline is able to conduct business in a manner that complies with all applicable regulations and safety standards. (FAA, 2009) (FAA, 2008)In the US the FAA requires all commercial airports to have Part 139 certification which ensures a uniform level of safety across all airports. To obtain Part 139 certification an airport must agree to certain operational and safety standards and have provisions for fire fighting and rescue. The requirements for Part 139 certification vary due to the size of the airport and type of flights it operates. Part 139 looks at the airport paperwork and finances and the aircraft safari area to make sure the runway and pavement conditions, marking and lighting are safe for use. Part 139 also lays out airport responsibilities in the area of ground vehicle operations and wildlife. Aircraft rescue and fire services are also inspected as are fuel facilities. (FAA, 2009) In the UK airport responsibilities are move out in CAP 168 Licencing of Aerodromes. CAP 168 requires that in the UK all commercial flights take place at a licenced aerodrome, a government aerodrome or at an aerodrome managed by the CAA.Like Part 139 the requirements laid out in CAP 168 reflect the standards and recommended practices of the ICAO and form the basis for an assessment of the voltage suitability of the aerodrome to be licenced taking into account the size of the airport and the type of flights it handles. (CAA) (CAA, 2008)There are few anomalies between the UK and US aviation regulatory framework as much collaboration and communication now takes place via agencies such as ICAO and EASA to provide the aviation industry with a set of best practices. The main difference between the frameworks is the way the UK is being integrated with the EU using EASA to provide regulation that overrides that of the CAA. EASA will eventually take over most of the duties of the CAA and will provide most of the civil aviation regulation for the EU including the UK. The FAA on the other hand regulates the whole aviation industry in the US, everything from insuring aircraft to regulating commercial space transport. Although the FAA communicates its ideas with the rest of the world the agency retains all responsibility for anything aviation related in the US. Regulation in the US and UK is very similar as a result of this communication and much of the regulation developed from this will be implemented across Europe to create a single European sky and improve aviation safety.ConclusionIn conclusion the aviation regulatory frameworks in place in the UK and the US have their striking similarities but also have very important differences. The FAA works alone in the USA and is the single authority responsible for all aspects of aviation regulation safety and security. In the UK the CAA, our equivalent to the FAA, implements European regulation decided by EASA. UK aviation regulation is underpinned by EU legislation in that EASA aim to create a single European sky and therefore aims to create uniformity between its member states. The FAA already has this uniformity over the whole of the United States and implements only the regulation it creates itself. Many of the safety regulations that cover airports, airlines and aircraft are very similar between frameworks if not identical in places, this shows that the JARs worked to harmonise EU regulation s with US regulations a step still being taken by EASA today.

Automation Process in Online Shopping

Automation Process in Online Shopping1. originationOnline Shopping1.1 Ab stunned The visualiseThis project is unquestion equal to(p) for the automation accomplish of shop throw online i.e through nett. In marchant faculty adding the catogories, crossroads,itemSales, giving holy says, stock master(prenominal)tenace, creating nib ( none of hand) for ordains, shipping of items arrange minded(p) by customer. creation, dilate, and word former(a) transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid notice(amount),shipping billAnd on the whole early(a)(a) transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, actually(prenominal) big shops, or organizations.This project principally contains 3 staffs like Marchant module, customer module, and invoice module.In customer module customers bequeath confront ball clubs for items which ar be available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and enlarge atomic number 18 computer storaged in cultivation base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In mooring if the ordered items ar not beingness shipped at a time so the pending order dilate will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant mental faculty products ar being arrested in household wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order precondition by the customer through online vane status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by acquiring info from database. active SYSTEMIn existing dodging any thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which argon available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will learn place.Existing arrangement is manual, every thing we have to do manuallydisplaying itemsSelecting itemsBilling processShippingProblems in presen t systemCould not synchronise the Outward reading to shopping order details.No track of the complaints and knock backd dears later ordering aver status is updated manually using Order Confirmation.Very noble levels of effort for preparing invoices and wrap up related documents and routing them to relevant incisions or locations and high levels of clerical natural action on neb of applicability of diametric customers and products.Increased levels of expectation from customers with see to prompt sales talk of items.Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in deportation.Difficulties in use customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches.Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence strike to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high va lue orders or important customers), if essentialful.Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading(a) to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory.Discrepancy amid ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. meagre checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits be not exceeded.Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is principally on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. invitees could communicate to the Sales people but no training is kept in track for future references.Marchant or Management couldnt not have any training regarding la ravel sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet natural coverings.Marchant or Management requires the note information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt support such facilit ies.The end user of this product is a plane sectional store where the activity is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application program which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the by-line process.the customer details be appended to the customer database.The details of the items ar brought onwards from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu.Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction.1. MODULEMarchant ModuleMarchant will come to into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, diverse different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete thingsAnd maintains everything by date wise.Enhancing storesupdate storesdelete from stores software package system system program and Hardware RequirementsThe sideline packet and hardware are recommended for the company.Hardware RequirementsProcessor PentiumSpeed 233 MHzMonitor samtronHardDisk 4.2 GBRAM 128 MBSoftware Requirements operational administrationWindows NTLanguage coffee (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4Backend ORACLE2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION2.1 Introduction2.4 Advantages of the Proposed SystemInter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails current from the customers as complaints and using them for estimate and audit pattern purposes.Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making.Order indent-automation from the turn to sales dept.Shop Inventory Database updates.Stock in shop informationCommunication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. masking PortfolioIt is recommended that the organization takes up the following(a) four usanceal areas for automationMarchant departmentcustomer departmentStores departmentBilli ng, shipping data SystemThe reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they like a shot address the paradoxs enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other.System computer architectureDATA extend DIAGRAMSA data flow plat is a logical clay sculpture of a system. The posture does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. at that place is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting transport for system endeavor.To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below.RectangleThe above symbol is utilize to define root or destination of data.Circle or Rounded Corners RectangleThe above symbol s are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data.3.21 INTRODUCTIONUML is a bank bill that resulted from the unificationOf Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been practiceed for vast range of application.Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities.An Overview of UML in five notations1. use case diagramsUse cases are utilize during requirements elicitation and compendTo represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external tear of view.The actor areOutside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system.2. class diagramsClass diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes ar abstraction that allot the common structure and behaviour of a setOf aims.Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their tie beams.3. chronological succession diagrams place diagrams are utilize to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the fundamental interaction that take place among these objects.4. Statechart diagramsState chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a contingent set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states.5.Activity diagramsAn activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow.Screens of online shopping3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONPURPOSEThe purpose of Online Shopping is to evaluate the perf ormance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of very big shops. eye socketThis document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be generate without the permission of the organization. harvest-festival FUNCTIONS OVERVIEWOnline Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing dodging to be utilize depending on the performance of the various products.3.1 RequirementsIn system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/ lymph node and works with him in order to find out what he specifically necessarily. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to pric k in the problem of the leaf node or the customer.System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things.Identify the customers need.Feasibility study.Analyzing the system technically and economically.Resource allocation.Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation.Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities.The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. user need identification and analysis are concerned with the user demand rather than what the customer wants. This whole tone is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real(a) problem rather than its symptoms.This package has been develope d in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another cause factor for the tuition of this package.The following requirements are identified.3.1.1 Functional RequirementsCustomer Order bear onNew order (Order no auto developd).View Products in category Status.Log User Complaints.Order Search and Processing Status.Internal Mail.Merchants Inventory ProcessingCategory wise prod Details.Department Orders.Internal Mails.Management Information System ProcessingAdhoc Report.Internal Mails.Inter office Memos.3.1.2 User InterfacesA LOGIN form is presented with lead plain stitchs to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user spate perform the required activities.3.2.2 Analysis Objects1. Interface ObjectsThe interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for(p) for con trolling door to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture.2. Control ObjectsControl objects provide function to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. otherwise times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model an example might be charging someones credit card.3. Entity ObjectsEntity objects model those business line objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. somewhat examples are Customer, product, and an order.Entity objects sh ould be represented by entity beans in the implementation model.The Entity ObjectsCustomerInvoiceOrderStockProduct3.3 INPUTSThe following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements spec from the Industries.1. Goods Inward Note (GIN)The factory receives this document from the factory on with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and devote back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis.2. Goods received ConfirmationOn receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document.3. Goods Returned NoteThis is prompt based on the information send by the go customer or lead on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger.4. OrderCompany receives order from their range customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be.3.5 OutputsThe following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops.1. InvoiceOnce an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register.Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register.2. Dispatch InstructionsThe invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepar ed from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip.This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders.3. Weekly Stock Status ReportThis is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book.This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report.4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION4.1 DATA DESIGNData objectsA data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent humanity and can be uniquely identified.The following data objects are derived for the system.CustomerOrderProductInvoicecategory birthsA kind is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that affinityship exists between clerk an d customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type.The following relationships are identified for the system.For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified.Customer places an Order.Order contains Product.Product dispatched to Customer.The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows Customer receives Invoice.Invoice has Product.E-R diagramE-R Diagram as a manner to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system.4.2 ScreensONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS interrogationIt is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. interrogation is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance.5.1 Testing system5.1.1 social unit TestingThis test method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than acquiring into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module.5.1.2 Integration examinationHere all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the big system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in coinciding with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are forgening perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos.5.1.3 Validation testingTesting is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic proficiency for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been find by design. In a non- additive integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected.Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing.5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing)Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control power structure beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth first-class honours degree manner or in a Depth First manner.This process is done in five goMain control module is used as a test number one wood and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program.Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules.Tests are conducted.On utmost of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module.Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been inscribed.Th is process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at top(prenominal) levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential.If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated.Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure.BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTINGBegins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated.The following steps implement this strategyLow-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to form test case input and output.Cluster is tested.Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters.Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified.REGRESSION TESTINGEach time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended demeanor as additional errors.Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for sequent playback tools enables the software head to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases.6. CONFIGURATION7. FEATURES USED7.1 About J2EE (Java 2 platform Enterprise edition, v1.3)Today, m ore and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the opening move and leverage the speed, security, and dependableness of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding serviceman of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before.To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a merge security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer so lutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not secure to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements.Distributed Multitier industrysThe J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. operation logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application split shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. node-tier components run on the client machine. wind vane-tier components run on the J2EE server.Business-tier components run on the J2EE server.Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server.Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage.J2EE ArchitectureThe required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this participate shows the logical relationships of the elements it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual m achines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java communicate Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below.The arrows represent required access to other part of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for conjoinivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the meshing Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environment s for each type of application component.J2EE Architecture DiagramJ2EE ComponentsJ2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE componentsApplication clients and applets are components that run on the client.Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology components are net components that run on the server.Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server.J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and standard Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to prod uction, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server.J2EE ClientsA J2EE client can be a tissue client or an application client.Web ClientsA Web client consists of two parts dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server.A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies.AppletsA Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual mach ine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and mayhap a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser.Web components are the prefer API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleanly and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs.Application ClientsA J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible.Application clients dire ctly access enterprise beans running in theAutomation Process in Online ShoppingAutomation Process in Online Shopping1. INTRODUCTIONOnline Shopping1.1 About The ProjectThis project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoiceAnd all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations.This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module.In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database.EXISTING SYSTEMIn existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place.Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manuallydisplaying itemsSelecting itemsBilling processShippingProblems in present systemCould not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details.No track of the complaints and replaced goods after orderingOrder status is updated manually using Order Confirmation.Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products.Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items.Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit.Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches.Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required.Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of dama ged goods in the factory.Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights.Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded.Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction.Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references.Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications.Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities.The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process.the customer details are appended to the customer database.The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu.Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction.1. MODULEMarchant ModuleMarchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete thingsAnd maintains everything by date wise.Enhancing storesupdate storesdelete from storesSoftware and Hardware RequirementsThe following software and hardware are recommended for the company.Hardware RequirementsProcessor PentiumSpeed 233 MHzMonitor samtronHardDisk 4.2 GBRAM 128 MBSoftware RequirementsOperating SystemWind ows NTLanguage JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4Backend ORACLE2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION2.1 Introduction2.4 Advantages of the Proposed SystemInter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes.Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making.Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept.Shop Inventory Database updates.Stock in shop informationCommunication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes.Application PortfolioIt is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automationMarchant departmentcustomer departmentStores departmentBilling, shipping Information SystemThe reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one sys tem acting as the feeder system for the other.System ArchitectureDATA FLOW DIAGRAMSA data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design.To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below.RectangleThe above symbol is used to define source or destination of data.Circle or Rounded Corners RectangleThe above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data.3.21 INTRODUCTIONUML is a notation that resulted from the unificationOf Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of appli cation.Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities.An Overview of UML in five notations1. use case diagramsUse cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysisTo represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor areOutside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system.2. class diagramsClass diagrams to describe the structure of the system. ClassesAre abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a setOf objects.Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations.3. Sequence diagramsSequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects.4. Statechart diagramsState chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states.5.Activity diagramsAn activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow.Screens of online shopping3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONPURPOSEThe purpose of Online Shopping is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of very big shops.SCOPEThis document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization.PR ODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEWOnline Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products.3.1 RequirementsIn system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer.System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of followi ng things.Identify the customers need.Feasibility study.Analyzing the system technically and economically.Resource allocation.Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation.Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities.The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms.This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package.The following requirements are identified.3.1.1 Functional RequirementsCustomer Order ProcessingNew order (Order no auto generated).View Products in category Status.Log User Complaints.Order Search and Processing Status.Internal Mail.Merchants Inventory ProcessingCategory wise prod Details.Department Orders.Internal Mails.Management Information System ProcessingAdhoc Report.Internal Mails.Inter office Memos.3.1.2 User InterfacesA LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities.3.2.2 Analysis Objects1. Interface ObjectsThe interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture.2. Control ObjectsControl objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model an example might be charging someones credit card.3. Entity ObjectsEntity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order.Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model.The Entity ObjectsCustomerInvoiceOrderStockProduct3.3 INPUTSThe following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries.1. Goods Inward Note (GIN)The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis.2. Goods received ConfirmationOn receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document.3. Goods Returned NoteThis is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger.4. OrderComp any receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be.3.5 OutputsThe following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops.1. InvoiceOnce an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register.Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register.2. Dispatch InstructionsThe invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip.This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders.3. Weekly Stock Status ReportThis is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock o f each product. The details are obtained from the stock book.This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report.4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION4.1 DATA DESIGNData objectsA data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified.The following data objects are derived for the system.CustomerOrderProductInvoicecategoryRelationshipsA relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type.The following relationships are identified for the system.For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified.Customer places an Order.Order contains Product.Product dispatched to Cu stomer.The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows Customer receives Invoice.Invoice has Product.E-R DiagramE-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system.4.2 ScreensONLINE SHOPPING SCREENSTESTINGIt is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance.5.1 Testing strategy5.1.1 Unit TestingThis tes ting method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module.5.1.2 Integration testingHere all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos.5.1.3 Validation testingTesting is a major qu ality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected.Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing.5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing)Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hi erarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner.This process is done in five stepsMain control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program.Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules.Tests are conducted.On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module.Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced.This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential.If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated.Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure.BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTINGBegins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated.The following steps implement this strategyLow-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function.A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output.Cluster is tested.Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters.Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified.REGRESSION TESTINGEach time a new m odule is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors.Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases.6. CONFIGURATION7. FEATURES USED7.1 About J2EE (Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3)Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before.To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements.Distributed Multitier ApplicationsThe J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application mo del for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components.Client-tier components run on the client machine.Web-tier components run on the J2EE server.Business-tier components run on the J2EE server.Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server.Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage.J2EE ArchitectureThe required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. A ll these services are explained below.The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component.J2EE Architecture DiagramJ2EE ComponentsJ2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE componentsApplication clients and applets are components that run on the client.Java Se rvlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology components are Web components that run on the server.Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server.J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and standard Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server.J2EE ClientsA J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client.Web ClientsA Web client consists of two parts dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server.A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin cli ents usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies.AppletsA Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser.Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separ ate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs.Application ClientsA J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible.Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the

Psychology :: essays research papers

Talk Show Tension Jerry, Jerry, Jerry Everyday, this chant is heard by millions of people watching the now disreputable talk show, Jerry Springer. Even though just a few years ago, most people regarded these shows as ridiculous, now this chant is recognized and adored by many people in society. The most parsimonious explanation for this is that the shows now have more interesting and captivating topics. The premise of most episodes of these shows has changed greatly all over the past few years The topics have moved away from magnanimous scale social issues, like homosexuality and cancer, to relationship and familial issues, like criminal conversation and mothers who are too flirtatious with their daughters boyfriends. Many people would argue that the issues being presented now are not as interesting or captivating as the older issues. However, after watching an old episode and a new episode, most people agree that the emotions displayed by the guests in the newer shows are more visible, with actions such(prenominal) as onstage yelling and fighting. The general emotional content of the episodes has changed from sadness to irritability. From a psychological standpoint, thither are many influences that cause extreme anger to be displayed by the guests on talk shows. Imagine being a guest on the Jerry Springer show, as you walk onto the stage you see the large audience chanting those infamous words. You sit down next to your fiance not knowing what to expect, you are nervous and anxious. Finally, Jerry says those terrible words, So, dont you have something to tell your fianc? She turns to you, looks into your look and says, Remember about a month ago when I disappeared at that party at your house? Well, that night your brother and me left the party early. Im sorry, I have been sleeping with your brother for the past month. Suddenly, the anxiousness that you experienced is gone and replaced by anger, intense anger. You turn to Jerry as he asks you, Wow, she h as been cheating with your brother, how does this make you detect? Your anger only gets more intense, you ramble to your ex-fiance and ask her how she could do such a thing. Again, Jerry interrupts the moment and yells into the microphone, Alright lets get the brother out here As you see your brother walk through the door, you again hear that irritating chant echoing through the crowd.

Jane Austens Works :: essays research papers

First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austens most everyday novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit produce often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was compose in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of letters.Jane Austens own tongue-in-cheek opinion of her work, in a letter to her sister Cassandra immediately after its publication, was "Upon the whole... I am well satisfied enough. The work is rather too light, and bright, and sparkling it wants i.e. needs shade it wants to be stretched out here and thither with a long chapter of sense, if it could be had if not, of solemn s pecious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the taradiddle of Buonapart, or anything that would form a contrast and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and general epigrammatism of the general style". In 1809 Jane Austen, her mother, sister Cassandra, and Martha Lloyd go to Chawton, near Alton and Winchester, where her brother Edward provided a small house on one of his estates. This was in Hampshire, not far from her childhood home of Steventon. Before leaving Southampton, she corresponded with the lingering publisher to whom she had sold Susan (i.e. Northanger Abbey), but without receiving any satisfaction.She resumed her literary activities soon after returning into Hampshire, and revised Sense and Sensibility, which was accepted in late 1810 or early on 1811 by a publisher, for publication at her own risk. It appeared anonymously ("By a Lady") in October 1811, and at first only her immediate family knew of her writing Fanny Knights diary for September 28, 1811 records a "Letter from Aunt Cass. to beg we would not mention that Aunt Jane wrote Sense and Sensibility" and one day in 1812 when Jane Austen and Cassandra and their niece Anna were in a "circulating library" at Alton, Anna threw down a copy of Sense and Sensibility on offer there, "exclaiming to the great recreation of her Aunts who stood by, "Oh that must be rubbish, I am sure from the title.

The Controversy of Deforestation Essay -- Deforestation Essays

The affect of environmental issues occur everyday and in particular deforestation is becoming a exceedingly ranked subject. From animals to the human race, the alacrity of trees that are cut down affects every individual in a variety of ways. Not only do muckle need to help the planet but they need to help themselves and further generations to come, much(prenominal) as children and grandchildren because these natural resources that are existence taken away from nightclub are as well shaping the future. For comprehensible reasons, forests use to make up the world, until man made creatures started to destroy and destruct the most important cut to human kind which are trees. Trees are crucial to every living entity for the reason of providing oxygen to all. The worlds current problem which is deforestation shtup be solved by giving more make doledge about the cause, creating a luxury tax on meat products, and pin-pointing the major places that are being affected. Deforestati on is a disturbance taking place causing the loss of environmental species or animals, natural herbs, and basic nourishments. This cogent problem of deforestation has beget a major problem because now more trees are being cut down and arent being replanted, leaving animals without a home to go back to. The animals that are being consumed are being reproduced and need more land area to graze around on, so more space is use while not considering the loss of other species. Environmental animals in the forests are becoming extinct and if they disappear from the earth than people will never know the usefulness or capability of each creature. For example, animals are useful in ways of protecting the family or even for hard labor work such as plowing and human companionship. Nat... ...ent Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural NorhtDisasters, Ecosystems, Green Living - National Geographic. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. Northhttp//environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globa l-warming/deforestation-Northoverview.html.Deforestation. University of Michigan. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. Northhttp//www.umich.edu/gs265/society/deforestation.htm. TreeHelp.com Trees Insects. Treehelp.com - Tree Care Made Easy. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. northhttp//www.treehelp.com/trees/trees-insects.asp.Brown, Katrina and David W. Pearce. The Causes of tropic Deforestation. Vancouver UCB Press, 1994. http//ezinearticles.com/?The-Effect-of-Deforestation&id=510236. 10 September 2010Stock , Jocelyn. The Choice Doomsday or Arbor Day. Deforestation. N.d. http//www.umich.edu/gs265/society/deforestation.htm . 10 September 2010.

Thomas Berry :: essays research papers

Human Condition Through Thomas pickNormally, I dont give with Thomas Berry, but I agree with his quote inner anxiety and evendoubt ourselves and the meaning of it all. Thomas Berry put the dimension of coeval existence, future orientation, and placed it in what I consider a perfect statement. When we hit this realization of perplexity within our future, we will be in such(prenominal) awe. People will become over capacitated with the diversity of every day life. We will deviate into a whole different culture. Thomas Berrys statement was well conceived.As in human condition, the journey symbol portrays an internal struggle. Also it depicts some form of transformation. Another thing appearing in both is a theme of endearing negativity. We know, or thing we know, all that we flummox is adequate. He puts this in a sense of hysteria with what we incur during our journey. He tells us that we live n an unacceptable situation and that we must undergo transformation. In my experiences, I have not yet covered this conflict in the large scale he puts it on. When referring to spirituality, I believe that Berry places a strong emphasis on faith. In order for us to encompass ecstasy we must have a strong divinity towards spirituality. Spirituality in a certain religion. Spirituality in ourselves, others, etc. We also must have an awareness for the other divinities. The usual sense of religion relates to a general sense of faith. It is less than expected to pay homage to your god or belief. Berrys sense of religion inquires that belief of faith as well.I dont agree with Berrys muckle on spirituality. I feel as though his belief would make all that I learned redundant. I feel as though people holding this view have either a horrible view on life or are stuck in a religious domicile. In his writings, Berry makes it calculate like joy is not meaningful unless there is a downside to it.

Educating Rita by Willy Russell Essay -- Educating Rita Sociology Soci

Educating Rita by Willy RussellEducating Rita displays the major channelizes that occur in the maincharacter, an initi every last(predicate)y narrow minded, outspoken and socially naveLiverpudlian trapped by her working class life. Rita thinks anincrease in intelligence and worldly knowledge will change this, andset her unornamented. She strives to change classes, and although isdifferent from her working class peers, she still isnt ready to beaccepted as middle class. She aims to reach her goal through an OpenUniversity course, unless naively thinks knowing what books to read andclothes to wear will allow her to immediately become accepted as partof her chosen social strata. modify is a major part of the play,affecting Rita in both positive and negative ways. It shows how theinfluence of education helps to bring about these changes, and howeventually Rita is able to cut through and negative problems and settleon a happy balance. Rita is excessively molded by her tutor, Frank, andlearns a great deal from him, whilst also teaching him in legion(predicate) ways.Ritas bright, bold, bubbly character is revealed in the very firstscene, as the two characters are introduced. She makes a very dramaticentrance, bursting through the door, swearing, and immediately drawingall attention to her. She isnt really sure how to act, and herinsecurity and nerves make her appear in such a loud manner. Thisshows how little she understands of formal interview situations- anewould expect her to appear fairly meekly, maybe shy, and also veryformally, yet she acts cheekily and informally. For example, not onlydoes she ask Frank if she can smoke, but she also gets out hercigarettes before he has had a chance to answer. She even offers himone, trying... ...re introduced, including maturity. In the middle of theplay, she thinks Frank is a bad teacher, but by the end, she realisesthat he make all this possible for her, and her maturity means sheisnt too stubborn to thank Frank and truly appreciate what he hasdone for her.Although she changed in negative ways, she learnt from these. Sherealises that she doesnt indispensability to risk becoming trapped again, likewith Denny, but wants to dictate her own destiny with the choices shemakes.The ending is left very open, not telling the theatre viewers whathappens to either Rita or Frank, but lets you imagine for yourselfwhat paths they take and where and how they live their lives. Thisreflects the theme of choice, by letting viewers decide what happens,but also for the characters to decide and change which way they willgo and what choices they will make.