Purchasing behaviour of young people at the university as far as Essay

Purchasing behaviour of young people at the university as far as get of orthogonal phones is concerned - Essay ExampleAppendices 16 Research question 16 Background 16 Methodology and sample 16 model questionnaire 17 Executive summary The study is aimed at researching the purchasing behaviour of young people at the university as far as purchase of smart phones is concerned. Over the past few decades, there has been widespread innovation and innovation in the ICT field. This has seen the introduction of smart phones that are almost similar and in close to cases even arguable better than computers. To establish on how this environment has influenced the students in universities, the research was done by using of structured questionnaires as sanitary as random interviews on campus. The questionnaires were prepared and circulated to a group of fifty students that were randomly selected in order to make the findings as objective as possible. The collected data was then manipulated us ing SPSS software. The research was mainly based on the characteristics of brand name, the price, the smart phone features, cost and last but not least, the gender of the buyers. As the research established, most students bought the smart phones due to the functionalities like Wi-Fi for purposes of convenience. However, peer pressure was also seen as one of the main contributing factors in the purchase decisions of the students. 1. inception 1.1 Terms of reference The participants of the research were university students. What inspires students to puzzle smart phones may not be the same as what inspires other people in the society to acquire smart phones. For instance, students like following trends and most will buy a smart phone if all their friends buy them. In addition to this, students will much consult with their colleagues when trying to do some research before they buy a phone. The research carried out sought to establish a number of questions- What informs the purchase d ecisions for smart phones by students? What do students seek out in the phones they purchase? Where do students get the relevant information that informs their purchase decisions for smart phones? 1.2. Background gratis(p) to say, the smart phone does more than just help the owner to keep in touch with friends and families. This device also helps one in carrying out variant computing processes. In fact, there has been a widespread debate on the possibility of the Smartphone totally replacing the computer. The spread of the Smartphone subroutine has especially been fuelled by the view of more low-priced models by the different manufacturers. The smart phone revolution came hand in hand with the revolution in gaming consoles, PDAs, Cameras, GPS as well as other important revolutionary concepts in ICT. The introduction of open source applications on the android platform has made the maintenance of the Smartphone more affordable on the lean budget of a student. For instance, instea d of having to pay monthly subscriptions for applications, there are many developers on the open source platform that use the General Public User licence on their apps. In addition to this, companies like Huawei among many others adopt also developed inexpensive Smart phones that have almost the same functionalities like their more expensive counterparts. Some experts believe this is one for the main contributing factors towards the increase in the use of smart phones by university students. 2. Literature survey In order to understand the ownership of smart phones among university students, there is need to review the industry with respect to the different brands

Trends of electronic communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends of electronic communication - Essay ExampleWith the help of webcams, this technology allows communicators to see one another in real judgment of conviction making messages more precise and infrastandable. It however has the disadvantage of not facilitating communication between individuals when one is offline.E-mail is a communication method that involves the exchange of messages of digital nature from one author to a single or numerous recipients. E-mails have the advantage of storing and forwarding messages, this therefore implies that both the sender and the recipient are not required to be online simultaneously to communicate. This was not however the case at the inception of e-mails when communication could only occur if both parties were online at the said(prenominal) time, more of what is presently the case with instant messaging. It has the advantage of storing information for future reference purposes with e-mails being used as evidence of communication if that ne ed arises. The briny advantage of e-mails however, is the inability to receive instant responses especially if the recipient is offline.Unlike e-mails and Instant Messaging, this technology enables individuals to share information with multiple users at the same time. This is hostile instant messaging where communication is on a one on one basis. Users in chat rooms usually have common interests and that makes overlap of similar information among many realistic. In as much as chat rooms allow people to communicate with multiple individuals of identical interest, it has represent a moral dilemma with users using these rooms for sexual purposes giving birth to sexual predators who hide their real identities to advance their evil sexual agendum (Thurlow, Tomic, & Lengel, 2004). Some of these rooms are moderated but the most used have no moderation whatsoever, which is a disadvantage since users could be underage individuals who should not under moderation be allowed to access the r ooms, especially those of

IT Professional Responsibilities toward the Society Essay

IT Professional Responsibilities toward the Society - Essay ExampleNevertheless, metadata can be dangerous if the enrolment gets passed on to others electronically. This can happen, for instance, during the submission of an electronic document into a court, distribution of the documents among the adverse groups, or during the documents circulation to the opposing counsel during negotiations. The documents metadata may contain hidden info that the sender would not exigency to share with the recipients, such as comments on revisions or the time and by whom the comments were make (Day et al., 2008, p. 12). Computing professionals assume this responsibility to be very careful in their handling of the metadata for their own safety, safety of their coworkers, and of the whole society.The responsibilities of the computing professionals extend beyond configuration with the policies and goals of their company to include the interests of the society at large. Lack of security awareness and training, operating system design and security, open source issues, design complexity and fivefold layer approach are some of the current issues with ICT (Beqiri, n.d.). Computing professionals need to have a firm hold over all these areas to secure the information whose leakage may put the future of the society in the hands of the enemies.The responsibility of computing professionals toward members of their profession and the society translates into the broader area of business ethics. Over the charge of time, organizations have become quite experienced and informed about the delicate nature of information technology issues. This has brought a change in the employers attitude toward what skills they want in the information technology professionals. When employers of newly qualified information systems professionals are asked what it is they would most like them to know, the answer is very rarely

Alicia Essay Example for Free

Alicia EssayAlicia she was just a worrier. She said she would feel keyed up and unable to relax. At times it would come and go, and at times it would be constant. She is now afraid to go to a simple dinner party or even go to a restaurant. She stays in bed much or less days and hardly leaves her house. Thoughts Alicia has are racing and she says its hard to let things go. Alicia to a fault has sleeping problems, trouble concentrating, lightheadedness, and worries about everything. I would diagnose Alicia with social care disorder. This is an anxiety disorder in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable business of social situations.Anxiety arises from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others. A person with social anxiety disorder is afraid that they will net mistakes, look bad, and be embarrassed or humiliated in front of others. With this fear, they might not go around social situations at all. Without treatment, social anxiety disorder can negatively interfere with the persons normal daily routine. (MayoClinic,2013) Symptoms of social anxiety disorder can include avoidance of social situations, anxiety in social situations, confusion, fast heartbeat, tension, and confusion.I will tell Alicia that this is a very common disorder. This disorder is second to depression, and it is more common in adult females than males. on that point is no known cause, entirely biological, psychological, and environmental factors may have an influence. Since these symptoms listed above are present, I will evaluate further by by petition questions about Alicias medical history and performing a physical exam. No lab tests will be done. If no physical illness is found, I will recommend her to see a psychiatrist or a psychologist.Along with this evaluation and seeing a psychiatrist or a psychologist, the most effective treatment currently is cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT. Medication is also used to help ease the symptoms of social an xiety disorder so that cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective. (MayoClinic,2013) CBT is a guide to make someones thoughts more rational and tells them to stop social situations until symptoms subside. Therapy may include factual life situations or exposure therapy. The medication that can be used to help with CBT is antidepressants, tranquilizers, and beta blockers. MayoClinic,2013) With good treatment, Alicia can improve and enjoy a more productive life. Mrs. Arthur Mrs. Arthur is constantly afraid of catching cancer from contact with other muckle. She is particularly afraid of spiriting volume who may have been in hospital where cancer patients have treatment. She tries to avoid touching anyone because they may have touched someone else who has had contact with cancer. Because of this she tries to avoid going out of the house at all. If she does touch someone, she has to wash her hands and her clothes extremely thoroughly, sometimes taking hours.She also insists that her husband and children should take off their clothes and wash themselves thoroughly whenever they come into the house. Her family is comme il faut increasingly impatient with this. She knows these fears are unrealistic but she cannot seem to stop. I would diagnose Mrs. Arthur with Obsessive- exacting disorder (OCD). OCD is a type of anxiety disorder that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. People with OCD are constantly distressed with thoughts, fears, or obsessions they cannot control.The anxiety from these thoughts leads to an urgent need to perform certain rituals or routines. The compulsive rituals are performed in an attempt to prevent the obsessive thoughts or make them go away. (PubMedHelp,2013) Doing the rituals may only temporarily relieve the symptoms. Sometimes the rituals will termination hours upon hours and interferes with their normal lifestyle. Symptoms of OCD include obsessions, compulsions, fears of germs, causing harm, or making mistakes. They will repeatedly bath, shower, or wash their hands. They will also avoid touching things, and repeatedly tally things.They may also clean a lot, count things, or do things in a specific order. There is no known cause of OCD but biological and environmental factors may be an influence. There is also no lab test to diagnose OCD. I would clearly diagnose Mrs. Arthur by scarcely looking at her symptoms and evaluate how much time she spends doing her rituals. OCD can be treated with medications and cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a therapy to teach people with OCD to confront their fears and reduce anxiety without performing the ritual behaviors. Also called exposure therapy.Medications that can subside symptoms are antidepressants or a serotonin inhibitor. Electroconvulsive therapy or electroconvulsive therapy is a therapy that uses electrodes that are attached to the patients head and a series of electric shocks are delivered to the brain, which induce seizures. The seizures cause the release of neurotransmitters in the brain. (PubMedHelp,2013) In the end, it relieves symptoms or treats OCD altogether. In most cases, these treatments can successfully help Mrs. Arthur with her OCD. With ongoing treatment, she can have long term relief from symptoms and gain a normal life again.

The roles and impacts of computers and communications technology Essay Example for Free

The roles and impacts of computers and communications technology EssayWhat are the roles and impacts of computers and communications technology in the add of trans-border economic activity?I am specifically going to speak ab surface foreign workers handling UK consumer calls and IT jobs in general, better known as offshoring or out-sourcing. at a lower place I have tried to out-line some of the good and bad points about the subjectBenefitsThe advocates of offshoring describe it as having high potential moving jobs to a low cost labour commercialise will save money and provide a good source of employment for the topical anaesthetic people. Also as developing countries become richer, they will also buy more from us and invest more in our economy. UK exports of goods and services to India alone are already price around 2.5billion a year, securing thousands of UK jobs.The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) believe that the UK also stands to gain from growing world prosperit y and a bigger spheric market for British goods and services. Offshoring will allow Britain to remain competitive, ensuring that the UK economy continues to generate new and sustainable jobs and new business opportunities. There is also the opportunity to gain from global partnerships.ProblemsOffshoring can have a negative effect on the morale of remaining onshore staff furthermore, the low wages seaward could put downwards pressure on remaining workers wages. The company risks trade union and public criticism, which could affect customer loyalty and satisfaction. Overseas workers at call perfumes may be unable to help beyond their training script, so there could be a reduction in quality. There are a number of challenges the offshore workforce will facecultural differences may create difficulties in forming relationships, managingremotely can be difficult and the service may require local knowledge, such as geography, or an understanding of British systems, i.e. NHSMy personal o pinionI am totally fed up with ending up in call centres in India. It makes the whole experience lengthy, stressful and frustrating. I hate not being able to speak normally, having to repeat and spell almost everything give tongue to and the whole experience is one I could do without. I already have changed a rim for this reason. It Is ridiculous. Why should people have to put up with it? It seems to me just a way to make companies have a healthier bottom line, also no executive wants to give up their perksAs a student soon to be looking for work in the UK, I am fully in support of those who hold the view that companies that served mainly British customers should support jobs in Britain. They should be punished if they dont, either by consumer boycotting or by government taxes or both. Since many corporations are copying each opposite due to corporate greed there is mass influx of unemployed highly skilled workers, without a place for them to go, it will totally take so long of being unemployed for them to either move offshore themselves or move to another occupation.I think offshoring has a large share of the institutionalize for the job shortage here in Britain. Its amazing to see how the definition of cheap labour has changed at first the term was only associated with people operative in terrible conditions for next to nothing. But now it extends to multinational companies and corporations moving skilled jobs abroad to save money, all at the expense of the British people.Below is a couple of articles I tack that I think compliment what I have written.Bank customers fury at India call centres1241pm eighteenth October 2005Staff at Lloyds TSB are facing high levels of customer dissatisfaction about the banks policy of transferring work to India, a union has claimed.A survey of nearly 2,000 branch managers and staff found that 96 per cent of people thought customers werent happy dealing with staff in India, while 83 per cent thought customers genuine w orst service as a result.More than half of staff claimed they received complaints or adverse comments about the Indian operation every day, and a further third of people said they received them at least every week.Nearly two-thirds of those questioned reported seeing significantly more errors and mistakes being make by the Indian operation, and 64 per cent said offshoring had made it more difficult to promote the banks products.Around 85 per cent of staff thought the bank would lose many customers because of its decision to offshore work to India, while a similar proportion thought people would be likely to switch to monetary services companies that were committed to the UK, according to the Lloyds TSB Group Union.Lloyds ignoring concernsBut the union said Lloyds TSB was ignoring these concerns and continuing to transfer back office processing and telephone operations abroad. Steve Tatlow, follower general secretary at Lloyds TSB Group Union, said The survey confirms what we have known all along. That staff dealing with customers day in and day out are having to deal with considerable customer hostility at having their accounts handled abroad. The results show that whatever Lloyds TSB might say about the customer service provided by its India operation, hordes of customers are complaining across the UK each and every day of the week. Senior Management will have to make a choice. Either to continue with cost trim in the teeth of customer opposition to its offshoring plans, or else refocus its strategy towards putting customers first.A Lloyds TSB spokeswoman said Customer service is essential to us. The call centre in Mumbai has taken seven million calls over the past year and we do monitor the quality and look at customer satisfaction. We have found that levels of customer satisfaction are as high on calls to India as to the UK.http//www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/money/money.html?in_article_id=365776in_page_id=1804The Impact of Global Sourcing on t he UK Economy 2003-10, commissioned by the National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), an umbrella organisation for IT software and service organisations in India, estimates that by 2010 the UK could face a shortfall of 700,000 jobs as a result of an aging population and slow population growth. If the problem isnt addressed it reckons that economic growth in the UK could slow, leading to a loss of 113 billion.Outsourcing would not only bridge that gap, it would also help generate extra income. For the report claims that for every 100 of work outsourced offshore, up to 141 is re-invested directly back into the UK economy. This upbeat assessment of the benefits of trade jobs comes even though the report acknowledges that more than 250,000 UK jobs would be lost as a result of offshoring. But it argues that while the impact of offshoring on the UK workforce is square and will lead to the displacement of workers, it insists that the UK labour market is flexible en ough to deal with the problem.http//www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/28/sending_jobs_overseas_could_boost/

International Globalization Marketing Plan of Batik Essay Example for Free

International Globalization Marketing Plan of Batik EssayOur mission is to establish a Global Batik dress shop industry with world-class quality in fashion programme to support corporate clients and stylist society of upper market. We would like to be known as an industry driven by social values. We strive to be a Choice of Retailer in developing long-term Batik business relationships with our customers, which are founded on our ability to help identify the style-fashion and recommend the best wares and looks for our customers. We strive for continuous improvement in providing New Design and computable Quality materials selection through a Right-on-Time fashion delivery. Batek Empat Kawan Sdn Bhd need to grow their revenue by exporting Batik products and expanding into new markets segmentation. With faster communication, transportation and financial flows, the company is planning penetrate into United Kingdom Consumer market on establishment of Batik made garment products . 1. 0 Company Background Batek Empat Kawan Sdn Bhd (BEK Sdn Bhd ) is a Malaysian owned company, a batik fashion and boutique consulting firm head quarters in Cyberjaya, Malaysia, specializing in all kind of batik design garment products. BEK Sdn Bhd incorporated in 2001, has an Sales Office and Manufacturing plant at Kajang.

Liquidity Ratio Analysis

Liquidity Ratio AnalysisLiquidity ratio is a measure of the power of the federation to transform immediately of its assets into every another(prenominal) asset and pay their in brief condition obligation collectable on time. This is among the important measurement which involve planning and controlling the watercourse assets and current liabilities. coin is among the very pellucid assets comparing to mend asset which is illiquid.Liquidity ratio analysis of the company must be done first in analyzing the companys pecuniary position. This is due to the serious problems that might arise such as potential insolvency and mischarge by the manager. The commonly liquidness ratio employ are current ratio and quick ratio for a quick check of liquid state, but there are excessively another component to withstand better correspondence of companys ability to make payments to other parties such as property regular recurrence, on the job(p)(a) great, accounts due, inventor ies, current liabilities.Besides the use of the liquidness ratio as determinant of firms ability to pay for short term debt, it too idler be used to distract of excessive holding of stock. The fiscal analysts commonly used the specific liquidity ratio such as current and quick ratios, which allow them to make temporal or cross sectional comparison which is within the company itself or other companies in the industries.As part of it, another sentiment that as hygienic as commonly used to identify the liquidity of the company is functionals functional nifty which is mensural by deducting the current liabilities of the firm from the current liabilities. The works capital is very important measurement in determining monetary stability for the company. It is health for the company to direct more than current assets over its current liabilities suppose to be practiced by the company.The company needs to stress on the liquidity heed because from the previous research on co mpanys balance sheet composition in Spanish erect that 69 per centum of the assets is current asset and 52 percent of liabilities represent current liabilities (La Porta et al, 1997). According to Petersen and Rajan (1997), the game percentage of current liabilities due to the reason that the current liabilities become one of their main external financial loans because the company failed to obtain the long term fund from the bank and other creditors. This is to a fault back up by other researcher such as Whited (1992), Petersen and Fazzari (1993) that declared that current liabilities become one of resources due to their financial constrain. Also research done in US by Elliehhausen and Wolken (1993), Petersen and Rajan (1997) form that the US small and modal(a) firm size depend on current liabilities when they have financial problems. The efficient liquidity instruction is particularly important for the big companies as hygienic as small companies. It is rather important in small companies as exaltedlighted by Peel and Wilson (1996).If a companys current liabilities exceed the amount of current assets, the company exit face the problems to pay back the creditors in the short term. If this problem persists, the company could end up into bankruptcy. As say by Nicholas (1991) that companies that did not adjoin to remediate liquidity management until it was too late and reaching crisis conditions or end up on the verge of bankruptcy. Furthermore, it is important to have liquidity management in good times and it takes further importance in troubled times.The useful of liquidity ratioLiquidity ratio as part of story ration is important tools in financial analysis. Basically, these ratios used to identify the ability of the firm to pay it debt, to evaluate company performance as well as to access company value. According Palepu et al (2003) analysis done may be within company itself, or for the particular firm but compare for several years, compare the same ratio for the different company in same effort.From previous studies, they ensnare that accounting ratio also useful in providing information for decision making process (Houghton, and Woodliff, 1987, Thomas and Evanson (1987, Lewellen, 2004). For somewhat instant, liquidity ratio also useful in predicting business failures (Beaver, 1966 Altman (1968). The excess in working capital represents a safety cushion for providers of short-term funds of the company such as creditors, bank. This is also viewed substantiatingly the availability of excessive levels of working capital and bullion. However, from an operating point of view, this excessive of working capital has been looked as a restraint on financial performance because these assets do not contribute to tax return on equity (Sanger, 2001).A circuit of techniques could be applied to improve liquidity and currency positions, at the same time it can increase the qualification of their management. At the end it would result in high profitability. These include credit insurance (Brealey and Myers, 1996 Unsworth, 2000 and Raspanti, 2000), grammatical constituenting of receivables (Brealey and Myers, 1996 Summers and Wilson, 2000).The exploit of liquidity managementThe efficiency of liquidity planning and control which include liquidity management, working capital and specie management have authoritative effect towards the profits. Actually, the around important is to have efficient liquidity management and the next, profitability will follow as well.The important of companys liquidity can be seen from different perspectives. Basically the idea of companys liquidity laid on the going concern concept which not involved any default in near coming(prenominal). The first party who interested on companys liquidity is short term lenders. These lenders interested on payment made on the debt and short term obligation because they can reasonably expected to be paid. For their own security, lenders wou ld favor the company with a high liquidity as their protection.For the investors and management, holding large cash balances is not the social welfare activities in the company. Besides the problem due to the institution of the cash, this cash also become as extra cost to the company. The company actually has forgone the interest income from short term investiture if they hold a lot of surplus cash.On the other hand, it is also necessary for company to hold cash to make immediate payments in the case to undertake rapidly the most desirable projects, and to deal without major disruptions with unforeseen problems. The amount of cash depend on expected growth and faces risk, the higher the expectation, the more the company must have a cushion of ready cash. The surplus cash on hand allow company to take advantage of new opportunities quickly. A healthy cash position helps stemming from new products, changing customer tastes or changing market conditions.Another factor to be conside red for keeping on hand other liquid assets such as receivables is as a part of gross sales strategy of the firm. Companies usually offer their customer to take 30, 60, 90 days or more to pay for their purchases. This is to encourage immediate purchase of the customer in the big amount.Account payables are a major element of corporate finance. According to Rajan and Zingales (1995) the kernel amount of payables in American firms was a material part (17.8%) of total assets for all in the early 1990s. Other country such as Germany, France and Italy, also shown the very significant amount of payables which represents more than a quarter of total corporate assets, in United Kingdom payable also show significant value which represent 70% of total short-term debt (credit extended) while 55% of total credit received by firms is made up of account payables(Kohler et al., 2000 Guariglia and Mateut, 2006).In fact, payables are also important factor in emerging economies, like China, due to limited support from the banking system. The companies depending more on credit on purchases compared to other forms such as bank loans as highlighted by Ge and Qiu, (2007). alike to Atanasova and Wilson (2004) find that smaller UK companies tend to increase their reliance on inter-firm credit to avoid bank credit rationing.However, account payable does not need fully attention for the company since it does not consumes resources but serve as short term of source of finance. The makes arise that it could overturn the cash crevice.Previous researchers have viewed the kindred trade-off amid inventories and payables such as Nadiri (1969), Schwartz (1974), Ferris (1981) and Emery (1987)). Only Emery (1987) considers explicitly the trade-off mingled with trade credits and inventories but his study does not include the deterministic variable demand framework. More recently, the study from Daripa and Nilsen (2005) has theoretically investigated how this trade-off could affect the legal injury of credit agreements. In their model, suppliers offer trade credit as an incentive to buyers to hold higher inventories.Normally, managements concerned with liquidity but they cannot only concern liquidity as single element because when there are shortage or excessive in receivables or inventory it usually will reflected to production, sales efforts, fixed assets or other management decision parameters, not liquidity alone. As highlighted before, receivables and inventory reflected to sales and production strategies.Working capital is also important factor in liquidity management due to its effect on the profitability and risk of the firm. Specifically, the investment in working capital is highly associate with tradeoff between profitability and risk which means that if the company decides to increase the profit, they have to face the increase in risk as well as stated by Smith (1980).There are a lot of determinants of working capital such as stated by Chiou and Cheng (2006) in their study1. To go done methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations.2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of.3. factor influence working capital such as business indicators, industry effect, operating cash flows, growth opportunity for a firm, firm performance and size of firm. The study has clearly identified that determinant of working capital1. To represent in a picture or sculpture.2. To represent in words describe. See Synonyms at represent. consistent results of leverage and operating cash flow Operating cash flowEarnings before depreciation minus taxes. Measures the cash generated from operations, not counting capital spending or working capital requirements. for two net liquid balance and working capital requirements. However, Capital requirementsFinancing required for the operation of a business, composed of long-term and working capital plus fixed assets. some variables unable to produce consistent conclusions for net liquid bal ance and working capital requirements of firms like business indicator, industry effect, growth opportunities, performance of firm, and size of firm.Similar study has been done by Nazir and Afza (2008) which have used both external and internal factors to explore the determinants of working capital requirements of a firm. They identified internal factors were operating cycle Operating cycleThe average time between the acquisition of materials or services and the final cash realization from that acquisition.operating cycle , operating cash flows, leverage, size, ROA, Tobins q and growth while industry dummy Sham make-believe pretended imitation. Person who serves in function of another, or who serves until the proper person is named or easy to take his place (e.g., dummy corporate directors dummy owners of real estate). and level of economic activity were clear as external macroeconomicn. (used with a sing. verb)The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. factors. From the study, they put that operating cycle, leverage, ROA and q had a significant influence on the working capital requirements. Their purpose further revealed that working capital management practices are also have significant related to industry and different industries are following different working capital requirements.Another study has been done on impact of the different variables of working capital management by Rehman (2006). The study have recognize that the variable including Average Collection Period, Inventory Turnover in Days, Average requital Period and Cash gap on the engagement Operating Profitability of firms has a strong banish relationship between above working capital ratios and profitability of firms.Another element of liquidity management that is also important is cash gap which has high relationship with working capital. This is supported by Gitman (1974) that m entioned that cash gap is among important factor in working capital management. Cash gap or cash gap can give significant effect towards companies profitability. The shorter the period, companies could generate high volume of profit. The value of the firm also increase with the reduction on number of days for which the account are outstanding (Teruel and Solaano, 2007). enthronement in inventory and trade debtor which customers still owe to the company are not being able to pay off any of the companys obligations. It will affect as an increase in the working capital if a company is not operating in the most efficient manner. The slow prayer as cash will affected the cash collection cycle.Uyar (2009) examined the relationship between types of industry with cash gap. The study is done on merchandising and manufacturing companies and found that merchandising industry has shorter CCC than manufacturing industries. He also investigate the relationship between the distance of the CCC a nd the size of the firms and the determinations indicated there is a significant negative correlation Noun 1. negative correlation a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1 indirect correlation between the length of CCC and the firm size, in terms of both variable net sales Net SalesThe amount a seller receives from the buyer after costs associated with the sale are deducted.NotesThis amount is calculated by subtracting the following items from gross sales merchandise returned for credit, allowances for damaged or missing goods, freight and total assets. Furthermore, the study by Uyar(2009) investigate the correlation between the length of CCC and the profitability of the company. The finding showed there is a significant negative correlation between these two variables. In addition, the study by Rehman (2006) stated that managers can create a positive value for the shareholder s by cut down the cash gap up to an optimal levelTo underline the importance of managing liquidity, Loeser (1988) mentioned the extreme way in order to reduce the cash cycle. Loeser recommended interest to be charged at the prime rate to outstanding accounts receivable and unbilled revenue. This is to encourage responsible employees and particular departments within companies to put any effort necessary to collect receivables, and thus reduce Cash gaps. Similarly, study by Fraser (1998) who argues that liquidity and Cash gap management starts with a simple trade union movement for financial managers by making certain that their billings, collections, and payables systems are operating efficiently. Management must be certain with the procedures of pile up the payment so that the cash collecting process will organized eventually.Critics and disadvantages on liquidity ratioBesides the benefit in liquidity management and working capital, it also arise some critics such as stated by Hawawini et al. (1986) argue that in order to get the relevant analysis result, it is a better for the firm to apply the concept of working capital investment in its operating cycle rather than the usage traditional concept of net working capital. This argument also supported by Finnerty (1993) which mentioned that the current ratio and quick ratio calculated in traditional liquidity ratios include both liquid financial assets and operating assets in their formula. This is according an ongoing concern point of view that identified inclusion of operating assets which are tied up in operations is not useful.Subsequently, Kamath (1989) argues that both current and quick ratios are static analysis in nature because the usage of past performance. These two ratios have the lack of information on the future cash flows and liquidity. There was suggestion by Gitman (1974), Richard and Laughlin (1980), Boer (1999), and Gentry et al., (1990) to replace the use of liquidity ratio with cash gap as a measure of available liquidity. This is due to the dynamic nature of cash cycles and also involved tradeoffs. As suggest by Kamath (1989) the Cash gaps (cash gap) can be used to replace or s liquidity ratios in measuring and predicting the nature and pattern of future cash flows. The Cash gap measures the length of time between actual cash payment on productive resources especially from the raw material and actual cash receipts from the sale of products or services. It is good for the company to have a short Cash gap because the hourlong the gap the longer company has to rely on the external financing. The result was company will suffer of change magnitude interest cost.In Saudi Arabia the interest cost is more expensive in due to the absence of tax savings. Instead of paying taxes, national companies unified in Saudi Arabia are not required to pay zakat (level or fixed percentage tax required by Islamic shariah). This is due to the typical of borrowing cost which is as a c heap basis of financing loses its tax advantage since there is no tax on Saudi companies profits. Likewise, reducing cash gaps by any number of days will add equally to the pretax and after-tax profits.Although the liquidity ratios is a very useful mechanism to analyze financial position of the companies, the usage of these ratio must be with discretion and caution especially in making comparison among company and across industry as mentioned by Abdullah and Ismail (2008) . The reason is because the different of accounting method and treatment used by the different companies, also different in ratio definition. Subsequently the betray comparison be made.To avoid the mislead use, the standardize guideline is required. According to Gibson and Boyer (1991), without the standardize guideline, companies will only disclose the ratio that only benefit them. imputable to the lack of guideline and standard, study done in Malaysia found that only some of the company disclosure a comprehensiv e of financial ratio. The study also disclosed that there are differences in choice of ratio, method of calculated the ratio among the companies. This situation doesnt allow for any comparison among the company. The researcher also found that the good performance companies tend to disclose more information as signal of their good quality to attract attention of investors. Gibson (1982) the lacks of ratio disclosure monish the information user to know about the financial position because most of the important financial ratios were not discloses. Furthermore, most companies disclose the ratios that only favorable to benefit their positionLiquidity and profitabilityThere are a lot of research done to identify the significant relationship between liquidity management and companies profitability. Evidence from previous studies supported the fact that aggressive working capital policies could increase the profitability of the company. Jose et, al (1996) proved that the US companies incurr ed high profit which benefit from aggressive working capital policies.In addition, Shin and Soenen (1998) identified that there is strong negative relation between the period of the firms net trade cycle and various measures of profitability. The study was done using a large sample of American firms during 1975-1994, found that reducing the net trade increase companys profitability. The study also includes market measures, such as stock returns, and operating profits.Previous research evidence that aggressive working capital management that heavily invested in high inventory level could enhance profitability of the company as highlighted by Wang (2002) who done the research for Japanese and Taiwan companies and found that the less cash gap period, the better operating performance. The research also had done in any other country such Deloof (2003) in Belgian companies which find the company could improve the profitability by reducing the number of days of account receivable outstandi ng as well as at the same time reducing their inventories.However, according the study by Uyar (2009) examined the relationship between types of industry with cash gap. The further finding showed there is significant negative correlation between the length of CCC and the profitability.Similar to Ramachandran and Janakiraman (2009) also found negative relationship between Earnings before saki and tax (EBIT) EBITSee Earnings Before Interest and TaxesEBITSee earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). and the cash gap. The study revealed that calculation EBIT shows how to manage the working capital of the firm. The negative relationships reflect to the lower gross EBIT was related with an increase in the accounts payable days. Thus the study identify that less profitable company will take advantage to pay for a longer to pay their bills. At the same time company also taking advantage of credit period granted by their suppliers. The study also found that there is the positive relationsh ip between average receivable days and firms EBIT that suggested that less profitable company will try to pursue a devolve of their accounts receivable accounts receivable n. the amounts of money due or owed to a business or professional by customers or clients. Generally, accounts receivable refers to the total amount due and is considered in calculating the value of a business or the business problems in paying days in order to reduce their cash gap.The advantages of high inventory level are reducing in cost of possible interruption in the case of scarcity products. It can overcome the problem of bell fluctuation reduce supply cost (Binder and Maccini, 1991). The other advantages associated with high level inventory that allow trade credit which act as effective worth cut (Brennan et. al, 1988 Petersen and Rajan, 1997), also encourage customer to purchase their resources at the lower price. As highlighted by Emery (1997). The company also could benefit long term relationship wi th the customers as mentioned by Ng et, al (1999).On the other hand there is contrary argument on aggressive policies that minimize on working capital which state that it would affect the profitability of the company as stated by Wang (2002) that if the inventory level is least, the company could face reduction in its sales.Similar to Ganesan (2007) that done the research on relationship of efficient capital management and profitability in telecommunication company that he identified that the efficiency working capital management was negatively associated to the profitability and liquidity. From the finding, it shows that when the working capital management efficiency was improved by decreasing days of working capital, there was amelioration in profitability of the firms in terms of profit margin.Padachi (2006) examined the trend in working capital requirement and profitability of firms. This study is done to identify the causes for any significant differences between the industrie s. The finding reveals that high investment in inventories and receivables was associated with lower profitability. It has a significant negative effect between the inventories investment and profitability. The findings also recognize that an increasing trend in the short-term component in the short-term component of working capital financing. This finding also agreed by Raheman and Nasr (2007) also studied on the effect of working capital on liquidity towards profitability of the company. Further the study done also recognize that there was a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability of the company. Also, they find that there is a positive relationship between size of the company and its profitability and significant negative relationship between debt used by the firm and its profitability.The similar study also done by Afza and Nazir (2007a) and they also found the same finding as previous research. In line with the study Afza and Nazir (2007b) further investigate d the relationship between the aggressive/conservative working capital policies profitability as well as risk of public limited companies. The finding reveals that a negative relationship between the profitability measures of companies and degree of aggressiveness of working capital investment and financing policies. The companies will occur negative returns if they follow an aggressive working capital policy.Another study by Lazaridis and Tryfonidis (2006) that investigated the relationship of profitability which measured through gross operating profit and working capital management. The results of the study showed that there was a negative relationship between profitability and the cash gap which was used as a measure of working capital management efficacy. In order to generate can create profits for their companies, the management must discourse correctly the cash gap and keeping each component like accounts receivables, accounts payables, inventory to an optimum level. Samilogl u and Demiraunes (2008) analyzed the effect of working capital management (which highlighted accounts receivable period, inventory period and leverage) on the profitability of the firms. The study depicted working capital has a negative effect on profitability of the companies profitability . endpointIt is very important and first step taken to study the role of liquidity management policies on profitability of a company. Normally, the company decision whether they can face higher risk due to achieve higher profit. Iif a company desires to absorbed a greater risk for bigger profits and losses, it could reduces the size of its working capital in relation to its sales. If the main interest of the companies is improve its liquidity, it increases the level of its working capital. Therefore, a company should identify a balance between liquidity and profitability (Vishnani . Shah, 2007). .Before the companies adopt any method to increase the profitability, they should evaluate the tradeof f between expected profitability and risk on inventory investment. They have to make sure that the increase in profitability is more than the risk involved.